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Battery Glossary

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AB5
A metal alloy (e.g., LaNi5) capable of undergoing a reversible hydrogen absorption/desorption reaction as the battery is charged and discharged, respectively. This is the most popular electrode used in nickel metal hydride batteries.

Absorbed Electrolyte
The electrolyte is absorbed in an Absorbent Glass Mat between the plates to ensure that there is no free liquid electrolyte to spill or leak from the cell. The battery using this technology is typically referred to as an AGM battery.

Absorbert Glass Mat (AGM)
A blotter-type separator used between the plates in an AGM battery. The absorbent glass mat separator absorbs all the free liquid electrolyte, thus immobilizing the electrolyte.

Absorption
The taking up or retention of one material by another by chemical or molecular action.

Acceptance Test
A controlled discharge of a new battery at either a constant current (expressed in amperes) or constant power (expressed in watts) rate to determine its actual capability as compared to the user's specification or manufacturer's ratings.

Accumulator
See Battery

Acid
Sulfuric acid, used to describe the electrolyte or liquid in a cell.

Active Materials
Materials in a battery that react chemically to produce electrical energy: they are lead peroxide (positive) and sponge lead (negative).

Activation
Making a dry cell functional by adding electrolyte.

AGM
Absorbed glass mat.

Air Oxidized
A charged negative plate that has been removed from electrolyte and permitted to discharge in an air atmosphere. Plates must then be recharged before they are capable of producing useful electrical energy.

Alkaline
A primary battery (non-rechargeable) often used in electronics applications requiring heavy currents for long periods of time (i.e.: cd players, radios, etc.). Alkaline batteries can deliver 50-100% more total energy than conventional Carbon/Zinc batteries of the same size, hence their popularity in consumer applications.

Alloy
A mixture of several other metals or a metal and a non-metal.

Alternating Current
A pulsating electric current in which direction of flow is rapidly changed, so the terminal becomes in rapid succession positive, then negative. Abbreviated AC.

Alternator
A type of generator used in automobiles to produce electric current.

Ambient Humidity
The average humidity of the surroundings.

Ambient Temperature
The average temperature of the surroundings.

Ammeter
An instrument for measuring electrical current.

Ampacity
Current carrying capacity in amperes.

Ampere
The unit of electrical current equal to the steady state current produced by one volt applied across a resistance of one ohm.

Ampere-Hour
A measure of the volume of electricity, being one ampere for one hour. It is used to express battery capacity, and is registered by an ampere-hour meter; it can be obtained by multiplying the current in amperes by length of time that the current is maintained.

Ampere-Hour Capacity
The quantity of electricity measured in ampere-hours (Ah) that may be delivered by a cell or battery under specified conditions.

Ampere-Hour Efficiency
The electrochemical efficiency of a storage battery expressed as the ratio of ampere-hours output to the ampere-hours input required for recharge.

Ampere-Hour Meter
An instrument that registers the quantity of electricity in ampere-hours.

Anode
The electrode in an electrochemical cell where oxidation takes place. During discharge, the negative electrode of the cell is the anode. During charge, the positive electrode is the anode.

Antimonial Lead Alloy
A commonly used alloy in battery castings. The percentage of antimony varies from 1/2% to 12%. Other substances are present in small quantities, either as inescapable impurities or by design to improve the properties of the cast part.

Antimony
A hard, brittle, silverwhite metal with a high luster from the arsenic family.

Assembly
1. Combining various parts into a finished battery. 2. Any particular arrangement of cells, connectors and terminals to form a battery.

Automotive Battery
SLI battery of 3 or 6 cells used for starting, lighting and ignition of cars, trucks, buses, etc.

Autonomy
The time during which the battery must supply power to the load.

Average Voltage
A storage battery’s average value of voltage during a period of charge or discharge.

Battery
Two or more cells connected in series. The nominal open circuit voltage is two volts per cell. For example, a 12 volt batery would have six two volt cells connected in series. See Cell.

Battery Pack
Two or more electrochemical cells electrically interconnected in an appropriate series/parallel arrangement to provide the required operating voltage and current levels. Under common usage, the term "battery" is often also applied to a single cell.

Battery Rack
A stand on which individual batteries are installed. Racks are typically rated for their seismic capabilities and act to support the batteries.

BCI
The acronym for Battery Council International, consisting of a group of Starting, Lighting and Ignition (SLI) battery manufacturers who issue standards related to SLI batteries and establish standard dimensions (group sizes) for batteries used in automotive applications.

Bobbin
A cylindrical cell design utilizing an internal cylindrical electrode and an external electrode arranged as a sleeve inside the cell container.

Boost Charge
Charging the battery at a maximum allowable voltage for a defined period to ensure the battery is at maximum capacity.

Bridge
The ribbed supporting structure in the bottom of a battery container that provides sediment space under
the elements, thereby preventing short circuits.

Bunsen Valve
A type of pressure relief valve based on a rubber cap or ring, which, under normal conditions, closes an opening in a cell and temporarily deflects to provide pressure relief upon the buildup of excessive cell pressure within the cell. Bunsen valves are typically used in Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries.

Burning
Welding together two or more lead or lead alloy parts such as plates, straps, connectors.

Burning Center
The center-to-center distance between adjacent plates of the same polarity.

Burning Stick
A lead or lead alloy stick used as a supply of joining material in lead burning.

C-Rate (also see Hourly Rate)
Discharge or charge current, in amperes, expressed in multiples of the rated capacity. For example, C/10 discharge current for a battery rated at 1.5 Ah is: 1.5 AH/I 0 = 150 mA (A cell's capacity is not the same at all discharge rates and usually increases with decreasing rate.)

Cable
An insulated group of flexible twisted wires, usually copper, used to interconnect individual or groups of batteries. Examples include: inter-unit cable connectors, inter-unit cable connectors and inter-rack cable connectors.

Cabinet Battery System
An enclosed metal case containing a complete battery system of individual series connected batteries. It may or may not include required fuses or circuit breakers for protection of the connecting cable.

Cadmium
A metallic element highly resistant to corrosion, used as a protective plating on certain parts and fittings.

Cadmium Electrode
A third electrode for separate measurements of the electrode potential of positive and negative plate groups.

Calcium
A metal alloyed with lead to improve the strength and castability of the lead grid. Normally used with mainenance free and VRLA batteries due to its minimal impact of the battery gassing rate.

Calcium Lead Alloy
A lead base alloy that is sometimes used for battery parts in place of antimonial lead alloys.

Capacitor
An electrical component capable of storing and releasing a charge via the action of an electrostatic field between two parallel metal plates. Typically used in filter networks, along with inductors or chokes, to smooth the AC ripple voltage which may appear at the output of a DC power source.

Capacity
The total number of ampere-hours or watt-hours that can be withdrawn from a fully charged cell or battery under specified conditions of discharge.

Capacity Offset
A correction factor applied to the rating of a battery if discharged under different C-rates from the one rated.

Capacity Retention (or Charge Retention)
The fraction of the fall capacity available from a battery under specified conditions of discharge after it has been stored for a period of time.

Capacity Test
A test that discharges the battery at constant current at room temperature to a cutoff voltage of usually 1.75 volts/cell.

Carbon/Zinc
A primary battery (non-rechargeable) commonly used in low drain consumer applications (i.e.: clocks, calculators, garage door openers, etc.). Available in the same sizes as the Alkaline and Manganese Dioxide (“AA”, “AAA”, 9volt, “C”, “D”) the Carbon/Zinc is one of the most widely used dry primary batteries because of its low cost and reliable performance.

Cast
Forming a molten substance into a shape by introducing the material into a mold and allowing it to solidify.

Casting
A metallic item, such as one or more grids, straps or connectors, formed by pouring a molten substance into a mold and allowing it to solidify.

Cast-On Strap
A multiple connector that had been cast onto the plates directly in a combination mold/burning jig; contrasts with burning of plates and prefabricated straps.

Cathode
The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction takes place. During discharge, the positive electrode of the cell is the cathode. During charge in a rechargeable battery, the negative electrode is the cathode.

Cell
The basic electrochemical unit used to generate or store electrical energy.

Cell Mismatch
Cells within a battery pack that contain different capacity and voltage levels.

Cell Reversal
The stronger cells of a battery (several cells connected in series) impose a voltage of reverse polarity across a weaker cell during a deep discharge.

Charge
The conversion of electrical energy, provided in the form of electrical current from an external source, to restore the chemical energy in a cell or battery.

Charge Control
Technique for effectively terminating the charging of a rechargeable battery.

Charged
A storage cell at maximum ability to deliver current. The positive plates contain a maximum of lead oxide and a minimum of lead sulfate, and the negative plates contain a maximum of sponge lead and a minimum of sulfate, and the electrolyte is at maximum specific gravity.

Charger
A Direct Current (DC) power supply used to supply current to a battery to restore the ampere-hours capacity removed during the discharge.

Charged and Dry
A battery assembled with dry,charged plates and no electrolyte.

Charged and Wet
A fully charged battery containing electrolyte and ready to deliver current.

Charge Efficiency
The ratio of the ampere-hours removed during discharge to ampere-hours recharged required to restore 100% state of charge multiplied by 100%.

Charge Retention
The capacity retained following specific storage conditions and a specified period of time. See Self Discharge, Shelf Life, and Local Action.

Charging
The process of converting electrical energy to stored chemical energy. In the lead acid battery, it converts lead sulfate in the plates to lead peroxide (positive) or lead (negative).

Charging Rate
The current, expressed in amperes, at which a battery is charged.

Choke
See Inductor

Circuit
A system of electrical components through which an electric current is intended to flow. The continuous path of an electric current.

Circuit Breaker
An electro-mechanical device, similar to a switch, which will automatically open a circuit when excessive current is flowing in the circuit. It is used to protect the circuit components and wiring from overload damage. A circuit breaker can also be manually operated like a switch.

Cladded Battery Rack
An open battery stand to which metal or plastic sides have been added to prevent access by unauthorized personnel. These provide easy removal of the sides for maintenance.

Closed Circuit
A completed circuit through which current can flow when a switch in the circuit is either "On" or "Closed."

Closed Circuit Voltage (CCV)
The potential or voltage of a battery when it is discharging or charging.

Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA)
The number of amperes a battery can supply at 0°F (-17.8°) for 30 seconds to an end point voltage of 1.2 volts per cell. This rating is typicaly used with automotive (SLI) lead acid batteries.

Cold Crank Test
A test that applies a high rate of discharge to a battery at 0°F, and the 30 second cell voltage must be above 7.2v.

Condition
A process that utilizes a series of heavy discharges and recharges on a battery to assure optimum performance.

Conductance
A measure of a material's ability to conduct current. It is the reciprocal of resistance.

Conductance Meter
A test instrument that applies an AC voltage across the electrodes of a battery and measures the resulting AC current flow to determine the conductance of a battery.

Conductor
A material with the capability to carry a current or flow of electrons. For example, copper wire is a conductor.

Constant Current
A battery discharge regime whereby the current drawn during the discharge Discharge remains constant.

Constant Current Charge
A charge that maintains the current at a constant value. For some types of batteries this may involve two rates, called a starting and a finishing rate.

Constant Potential Charge or Constant Voltage Charge
A charge that holds the voltage at the terminals at a constant value.

Container
Housing for one or more cells, commonly called a “jar.”

Constant Power
A battery discharge regime whereby the current during the discharge increases as the battery voltage decreases.

Constant Resistance
A battery discharge regime whereby the resistance of the equipment load remains constant throughout discharge.

Constant Voltage
A voltage that does not vary significantly from a preset value. When recharging a battery at constant voltage, the current acceptance will decline as the battery cell voltage rises. The battery cannot be discharged at a constant voltage. The battery voltage normally declines during the discharge.

Continuous Test
A test in which a battery is discharged to a prescribed end point voltage without interruption.

Coulomb
The amount of electricity transported by a current of one ampere flowing for one second.

Counter Electromotive Force
The battery voltage plus and voltage drop occuring due to the battery's internal resistance and current flow in the battery.

Cover
The lid of an enclosed cell, generally made of the same material as the container and through which the posts and vent plug extend.

Cover Inserts
Lead or lead alloy rings molded or sealed into the cell cover, and that the element posts are burned to, thereby creating an effective acid creep-resistant seal.

Creepage
Travel of electrolyte up the surface of electrodes of other parts of the cell above the level of the main
body of the electrolyte.

Critical Load
The equipment to which the battery supplies power during a commercial power failure.

Curing
Chemical conversion process that changes lead oxides and sulfuric acid to mixtures of basic lead sulfates, basic lead carbonates, etc., which consequently forms the desired structures of lead or lead sulfate on negative and positive plates during formation.

Current
The time rate of flow of electricity, normally expressed as amperes, like the flow of a stream of water.

Current Collector
An inert structure of high electrical conductivity used to conduct current from or to an electrode during discharge or charge.

Current Density
The current per unit active area of the surface of an electrode.

Current Drain
The current withdrawn from a battery during discharge.

Current Limiting Chargers
A charger that keeps the charge current constant during the charge process but allows the voltage to Fluctuate (typically used on NiCd and NiMh chargers).

Cutoff Voltage
The battery voltage at which the discharge is terminated. The cutoff voltage is specified by the battery manufacturer and is generally a function of discharge rate.

Cutting (of acid)
Dilution of solution of sulfuric acid to a lower concentration.

Cycle
A sequence where a charged battery is discharged and recharged.

Cycle Life
The number of cycles under specified conditions that are available from a secondary battery before it fails to meet specified criteria as to performance.

Cycle Service
Battery operation that continuously subjects a battery to successive cycles of charge and discharge, e.g., motive power service.

Cylindrical Cell
The positive and negative plates are rolled up and placed into a cylindrical container (as opposed to stacking the plates in a prismatic cell design).

Deep Cycle
A battery discharge consuming more than 80% os the battery's rated capacity. Deep cycling typically occurs in recreational vehicle, wheel chair and golf cart applications. See Cycle.

Deep Discharge
Removal of up to 80% of the rated capacity of a cell or battery.

Depth of Discharge
The ratio of the quantity of electricity (usually in ampere-hours) removed from a battery to its rated capacity.

Desorption
The opposite of absorption, whereby the material retained by a medium or another material is released.

Dielectric Test
An electric test performed on jars, containers and other insulating materials to determine their dielectric breakdown strength.

Diffusion
The intermingling or distribution of particles or molecules of a liquid.

Diode
A semi-conducting crystal that restricts the flow of current to just one direction. It is commonly used to convert AC current to DC current.

Direct Current
Electrical current that flows in one direction only. Batteries produce direct current as the current flows from a negative to a positive source.

Discharge
The conversion of the chemical energy of a battery into electrical energy, and the withdrawal of the electrical energy into a load.

Discharge Rate
The rate, usually expressed in amperes, at which electrical current is taken from the battery.

Discharged
A storage cell when, as a result of delivering current, the plates are sulfated, the electrolyte is exhausted, and there is little or no potential difference between the terminals.

Drain
The current withdrawn from a battery during discharge.

Dry Cell
A cell with immobilized electrolyte. The term "dry cell" is often used to describe the Leclanche cell.

Dry Charged
Battery plates that have been subjected to the dry charging process.

Dry Charging
Manufacturing process in which tank-formed battery plates are washed free of acid and then dried.

Dry-Out
Resulting from significant overcharging, dry-out refers to the total loss of electrolyte due to gassing.

Dual Rate Charger
A charger with two output voltages used to charge batteries. One is usually at the lower recommended float voltage, while the other is usually at the higher recommended equalization voltage.

Dumb Battery
Straight battery pack without internal circuits enabling communication between the battery and the user.

Duty Cycle
The operating regime of a battery including factors such as charge and discharge rates, depth of discharge, cycle duration, and length of time in the standby mode.

E-Rate
Discharge or charge power, in watts, expressed as a multiple of the rated capacity of a cell or battery that is expressed in watt-hours. For example, the E/10 rate for a cell or battery rated at 17.3 watt-hours is 1.73 watts. (This is similar to the method for calculating C-Rate.)

Efficiency
The ratio of the output of a cell or battery to the input required to restore the initial state of charge under specified conditions of temperature, current rate and final voltage.

Electric Circuit
A conductive path through which current can flow. A copper wire can form an electric circuit.

Electric Current
The movement of electrons along a conductor.

Electricity
The flow of electrons through a conductive medium, such as a copper wire.

Electrochemical Equivalent
Weight of a substance that is deposited at an electrode when the quantity of electricity which is passed is one coulomb

Electrode
The site, area or location at which electrochemical processes take place.

Electrode (Electrolyte) Potential
The difference in potential between the electrode and the immediately adjacent electrolyte, expressed in terms of some standard electrode potential difference.

Electrolysis
Electrochemical reaction that causes the decomposition of a compound.

Electrolyte Reserve
When a battery has more electrolyte acid available than that required to fully react the active materials of the plates. When fully discharged, there will still be sufficient conductive acid available in the electrolyte to carry significant recharge current.

Electrolyte Starved
When a battery has insufficient electrolyte acid available to fully react all the active material of the plates. When fully discharged, the acid is almost fully consumed from the electrolyte, and initial recharge current acceptance may be reduced. This is typical of SLI and VRLA batteries.

Electrolyte
The medium which provides the ion transport mechanism between the positive and negative electrodes of a cell.

Electromotive Force (EMF)
Electrical pressure or potential, expressed in volts.

Electron
Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

Element
An assembly of a positive plate group, negative plate group and separators.

End Gravity
The specific gravity of a cell at the end of a prescribed discharge.

End of Life
The point in the operational life when a battery can only deliver 80% or less of rated capacity.

End Point Voltage
At a battery’s specific discharge rate, the voltage under load when the discharge is considered complete.

End Voltage Cutoff
The prescribed voltage at which the discharge (or charge, if end-of-charge voltage) of a battery may be considered complete.

Energy
The output capability of a cell or battery, usually expressed in watt-hours.

Energy Density
The ratio of the energy available from a battery to its volume (Wh/L) or weight (Wh/kg).

Envelope
A separator folded and wrapped around a battery plate during assembly.

Equalizing Charge
An extended charge given to a storage battery to ensure complete restoration of active materials in all the plates of the cells.

Expander
An ingredient in the negative paste that delays shrinking and solidifying of the sponge lead of the finished plate, thereby enhancing negative plate capacity.

Fast Charge
Typical fast charge time for a NiCd is 1 to 3 hours. The fast-charger detects the state of charge and switches to trickle charge when full-charge is reached.

Ferroresonant Charger
A constant volt power supply containing a special transformer-capacitor combination that changes operating characteristics as
the draw is varied, ensuring that voltage output remains constant.

Filling Gravity
The specific gravity of acid used to fill batteries.

Final Voltage
The cut-off voltage of a battery. The prescribed voltage reached when the discharge is considered complete.

Finishing Rate
The rate of charge, in amperes, to which charging current is reduced near the end of the charge for some types of batteries to prevent gassing and temperature rise.

Fixed Resistance Discharge
Discharge of a cell or battery through a fixed resistive load, the current being allowed to fall off as the terminal voltage decreases.

Float
The use of batteries in which they are charged by an application to be ready for use if the primary power to the application fails. Also called standby or backup.

Float Charge
Similar to trickle charge. Compensates for the self-discharge on a SLA battery.

Float Charging
A recharge at a very low rate, accomplished by connection to a buss whose voltage is slightly higher than the open circuit voltage of the battery.

Float Plate
A pasted plate.

Float Service
An application where the battery is continuously connected to a charger and is seldom required to deliver any significant Ampere-Hours to the load. Typically, Float Service batteries are used for standby power in emergency lighting, cable TV, telecommunications, UPS systems, and automotive engine starting.

Float Voltage
The voltage at which the battery is maintained on float charge. See FLOAT CHARGE.

Floating Ground
The voltage reference point for an automobile, usually being the frame of the vehicle. See GROUND.

Flooded Cell
A lead acid battery with a liquid electrolyte, or a vented cell where the gasses produced through overcharging are vented directly to the atmosphere.

Foot
Projections from the grid at the bottom edge, used to support the plate group.

Forced Discharge
Discharging a cell in a battery, by the other cells or an external power source, below zero volts into voltage reversal.

Formation
The electro-chemical process through which the lead oxide (PbO) pasted onto the grids in manufacturing is converted to the active materials of lead dioxide (PbO2) on the positive plate and porous metallic lead (Pb) on the negative plate.

Forming Charge
An initial charging process that electrochemically converts the raw paste of the plates into charged active material, lead peroxide in the positive plates and sponge lead in the negative plates.

Formed
Plates that have undergone formation.

Freshening Charge
A charge given batteries in storage to replace the standing loss and ensure that every plate is periodically brought up to full charge.

Full Charge Gravity
Specific gravity of the electrolyte when cells are fully charged and properly leveled.

Fuse
Device used for cutting off an electrical current in the event of an abusive condition.

Gang Vent
Vents for usually six adjacent cells that are connected to a common manifold.

Gassing
The evolution of gas from one or more of the electrodes in a cell. Gassing commonly results from local action (self-discharge) or from the electrolysis of water in the electrolyte during charging.

Gassing Voltage
The charging voltage at which the cell will start to generate and expel gas.

Gelled Electrolyte
A liquid electrolyte with fumed silica added as an immobilization technique. The result is a spill-proof battery capable of supporting an oxygen recombination cycle. See OXYGEN RECOMBINATION CYCLE.

Generator
A device that produces an electric current through magnetism.

Glass Mat
Fabric made from glass fibers with a polymeric binder such as styrene or acrylic which is used to help retain positive active material.

Gravimetric Energy
The ratio of the energy output of a cell or battery to its weight (Wh/kg). This term is used interchangeably with specific energy.

Gravity
Specific Gravity.

Gravity Drop
The number of points reduction or drop of specific gravity of the electrolyte from cell discharge.

Grid
A metallic framework used in a battery for conducting electric current and supporting the active material.

Ground
To connect to the earth or some conductor which takes the place of the earth.

Ground Fault Detection
The monitoring of voltage from a battery’s terminals to ground in order to identify whether a short circuit to the ground exists.

Group
One or more plates of one type – positive or negative – burned to a post or strap.

H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid.

Half Cell Voltage
The voltage of the positive and negative plates with respect to a third electrode, such as a mercury-mercuric sulfate probe, when immersed in the electrolyte.

Hazardous Waste
Waste which is classified as "hazardous" (i.e.. potentially harmful to the environment) by the government.

Hertz (Hz)
The standard unit of frequency. A frequency of one complete cycle per second is a frequency of one hertz.

High Rate
On charge, any rate higher than the normal finishing rate.

Hourly Rate
A discharge rate, in amperes, of a battery which will deliver the specified hours of service to a given cutoff voltage.

Hydration (Lead)
Reaction between water and lead or lead compounds. Gravities lower than those found in discharged cells are apt to produce hydration, which appears as a white coating on plate groups and separators in a cell.

Hydration Short
When a cell is over-discharged and not recharged within a short period, the plates’ lead sulfate, which is more soluble in water than in acid, can go into solution with the low specific gravity electrolyte, and then penetrate the separators. Upon recharging, the lead sulfate in the separators is converted to lead and a short circuit develops through the separator.

Hydrogen
A colorless, odorless gas given off at the negative plate of a lead acid battery due to electrolysis of the water in the electrolyte during periods of overcharge. Hydrogen can reach an explosive level at a 4% concentration in air.

Hydrometer
A device used to measure the specific gravity of the electrolyte in a cell.

Hydroset
Curing process for plates that oxidizes the lead paste, reducing free lead to a few percent of total.

IEEE
The acronym for the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, a group who publishes standards manuals concerning the selection, sizing, application, installation and maintenance of lead acid batteries.

Immobilized Electrolyte
Typically, liquid electrolyte is either absorbed into a blotter-type separator of glass fibers (AGM) or is converted to a gel, rendering it immobile. This ensures that there is no free liquid electrolyte and allows the battery to be used in any orientation without spillage. See GELLED ELECTROLYTE.

Impedance
The resistive and reaction characteristics of a material that opposes the flow of current through the material. An AC signal is used to measure impedance.

Impedance Intermittent Test
Used in terms of the battery's internal resistance a test during which a battery is subjected to alternate periods of discharge and rest according to a specified discharge regime.

Inductor
Numerous turns of wire, usually wrapped around some type of iron core, which present inductive reactance to the flow of an AC current. Also referred to as a choke, an inductor is typically used in circuits to eliminate the AC ripple from the output of a DC power source.

Initial Charge
The charge applied to a battery when it is first installed. The initial charging voltage is typically the same as that used for equalization.

Initial Voltage
The closed circuit voltage at the beginning of a discharge. It is usually measured after current has flowed for a period sufficient for the voltage rate of change to become practically constant.

Insert
A bushing of lead or lead alloy molded or sealed into cell covers, and to which the post is burned to create a creep-resistant, cover-to-post seal.

Insulator
A non-conducting material such as glass fibrous matting, plastic, or rubber.

Intercell Connector
Conductor of lead or lead alloy used to connect two battery cells.

Internal Impedance
The opposition exhibited by a circuit element (cell or battery) to the flow of an alternating current (a/c.) of a particular frequency as a result of resistance, induction and capacitance.

Internal Resistance (IR)
The opposition exhibited by a circuit element to the flow of direct current (D.C.). In a cell, the internal resistance is the sum of the ionic and electronic resistances of the cell components.

Ion
An atom with more or fewer electrons than required to remain in equilibrium. Out of equilibrium, the atom becomes negatively or positively charged and can act as a current carrier. Ions, rather than electrons, are the current carriers of an electrolyte.

IR Drop
A voltage drop associated with the electrical resistance (R) of a battery or current flow (I). The voltage drop is the product of the current (in amperes) and the resistance (in ohms).

Jar
Housing, or container, for one or more cells.

Jar Formation
Forming of plates in the cell jar.

Jumper
A short length of conductor used to connect or cut out part of an electrical circuit.

Jumper Cables
Portable cables used to convey current from one battery to another. See CABLE.

Kilo-
Metric prefix for 1000. For example, one kilovolt would be 1000 volts Kilovolt
One thousand volts.

Kilowatt
One thousand watts.

Kilowatt Hours
A measure of energy or work accomplished, being 1000 watt hours.

Kilovolt-Ampere
One thousand volt-amperes. The output of a UPS is typically rated in volt-amperes.

Lead (Pb)
Chemical element used in lead acid batteries.

Lead Alloy
A mixture of lead and another metal, (commonly antimony, tin or calcium) created to enhance certain characteristics of the metals during either the manufacturing process or its application.

Lead Acid
Still the most popular battery used today its main application is for the automobile industry, although it has a growing number of other applications. Its advantages are low cost, high voltage per cell and good capacity life. Disadvantages are poor low temperature characteristics, it is relatively heavy, and it cannot be left in a discharged state for too long without being damaged. Related Batteries: Absorbent Glass Matt (AGM) Gel/Gel Cell Sealed Lead Acid

Lead Burning
Welding of lead or alloy parts.

Lead Dioxide (PbO2)
The active material of the positive plate in the battery.

Lead Hydrate
A white lead compound formed by reaction of very dilute electrolyte or water and metallic lead or lead alloys.

Lead Oxide
A general term for any of the lead oxides used to produce batteries.

Lead Peroxide
A brown lead oxide which is the positive material in a fully formed positive plate.

Lead Plated Part
Hardware that has a thin protective layer of lead electrode deposited on the surface.

Lead Sponge
The chief component of the active material of a fully-charged negative plate.

Lead Sulfate
A compound that results from the chemical action of sulfuric acid on oxides of lead or on lead metal.

Level Lines
Horizontal lines molded or painted near tops of battery containers indicating maximum and minimum electrolyte levels.

Limiting Current
The maximum current drain under which the particular battery will perform adequately under a continuous drain. The rate is based on whatever drain rate reduces the running voltage to 1.1 volts.

Litharge
A yellow-red oxide of lead sometimes used in making active material.

Lithium
A primary battery (non-rechargeable) that is quickly entering mainstream electronic designs, particularly in consumer, portable equipment and non-volatile memory back up applications where small size, long life and low cost are the primary requirements. Lithium batteries have superior cold temperature performance and a shelf life of 5-10 years.

Lithium Ion (Li Ion)
One of the newer rechargeable battery technologies, Li Ion batteries can deliver 40% more capacity than comparably sized NiCd batteries and are one of the lightest rechargeable batteries available today. Li Ion batteries are the batteries of choice in notebook computer, wireless telephones and many camcorder models. They are also one of the more expensive rechargeable technologies.

Load Bank
An assembly of resistive elements connected in parallel or series-parallel to present a load of pre-determined amperes to the battery. There are both DC and AC rated load banks, and they may not be used interchangeably.

Load Current
The discharge current provided by a battery, or drawn by a battery powered device.

Load Tester
Hand-held resistive device used to place a test current on the battery while the resulting battery terminal voltage drop is monitored.

Local Action
A battery’s loss of otherwise usable chemical energy by currents that flow within the cell of a battery regardless of its connection to an external circuit.

Loss of Charge
Capacity loss in a cell or battery standing on open circuit as a result of local action.

Lug
A portion of the grid used for support of the plate group, usually a hanging lug on the top edge of the grid. Also, a tab on the grid used for connection of plate to strap and other plates.

Machine Casting
A fully or semiautomatic grid or small parts casting operation.

MF (Maintenance Free Battery)
A VRLA sealed absorbed glass mat (AGM) battery.

Manganese Dioxide
A primary battery (non-rechargeable) similar to that of the alkaline battery though not as strong in total energy. Available in the same size as Alkaline and Carbon/Zinc ("AA", "AAA", "C","D", 9volt) the Manganese Dioxide chemistry is noted for its ability to retain its charge while being stored at high temperatures and operates well at temperatures as low as -40°C with little loss of capacity.

Manual Discharge
Capacity test in which the operator disconnects the battery from the test load after all cells have reached the prescribed final voltage. With fixed resistance loads, boost cells are used to keep the discharge rate fairly constant as the test cell voltages drop rapidly near the final voltage. Electronic load manual discharges generally do not require boost cells.

Marine Cranking Amps (MCA):
The current a battery produces for 30 seconds at 32 degrees F without the terminal voltage declining to below 1.2 volts per cell.

Memory Effect
A phenomenon in which a cell or battery operated in successive cycles to the same, but less than full, depth of discharge temporarily loses the rest of its capacity at normal voltage levels.

Metal Hydride
An intermetallic compound or alloy in which hydrogen has been absorbed-, also, the negative electrode in a nickel-metal hydride battery.

Mho
A unit of electrical conductance equal to the reciprocal of resistance. Mho is the backward spelling of Ohm.

Micro-
Metric prefix meaning 1/1,000,000. One microampere is equal to 0.000001 amperes.

Microporous Separator
A veneer or grooved-type separator made of any material that has many microscopically small pores.

Midpoint Voltage
The voltage of a battery midway in the discharge between the start of the discharge and the end voltage.

Milli-
Metric prefix meaning 1/1,000. One milliampere is equal to 0.001 amperes.

Milliampere
One thousandth of an ampere.

Milliamps
Refers to battery capacity. A 1/1000th of an amp, e.g.: 1.0Ah = 1000mAh.

Millivolt
One thousandth of a volt.

Modified Constant Voltage Charge
A charge in which charging current voltage is held substantially constant while a fixed resistance is inserted in the battery circuit, producing a rising voltage characteristic at the battery terminals as the charge progresses.

Mold
A cast iron or steel form used to produce a casting of definite shape or outline.

Mold Coat
A spray applied to metal molds that acts as a release agent and an insulator against rapid heat transfer.

Monoblock
A battery consisting of two or more series-connected cells in a single container. A 12 volt battery is a monoblock consisting of 6 series-connected 2 volt cells.

Monocell
A single-cell battery. Several monocells may be connected to provide increased voltage or capacity.

Moss
Lead crystals that can grow at high current density areas of negative plates— along edges, at feet or at plate lugs— and cause short circuiting.

Mossing
Mossing can occur in vented cells where sloughed active positive material will circulate in the electrolyte and reform as negative material as it touches and adheres to the negative plate. It can result in shorted cells when it occurs at the top of the plates and bridges the separators. This process is also referred to as treeing.

Multicell
See MONOBLOCK.

Negative
A terminal or electrode which has an excess of electrons.

Negative Plate
The grid and active material that current flows to from the external circuit when a battery is discharging.

Negative Terminal
The terminal from which current flows through the external circuit to the positive terminal when the cell discharges.

Nickel Cadmium
One of the most proven and historically most widely used rechargeable batteries. Very dependable and "robust" but contain cadmium and have relatively low capacity when compared to other rechargeable systems. Very good high rate discharge capabilities make them very popular in high drain applications such as power tools.

Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMh)
Interchangeable with most NiCd batteries, nickel metal hydride (NiMh) batteries generally deliver 10-25% greater capacity than NiCds and are environmentally more friendly than NiCds since they do not contain cadmium. Used in many wireless phone and camcorders.

Nominal Voltage
The characteristic operating voltage or rated voltage of a battery.

Ohm
A measure of resistance that causes one volt to produce a current of one ampere.

Ohm’s Law (I=V/R)
Equation used in circuit analysis which states that the current flowing through a circuit is proportional to the voltage applied and is inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

Oil of Vitriol
Concentrated commercial sulfuric acid, abbreviated OV or O.V.

Open Battery Rack
A frame on which individual batteries are mounted. They are totally exposed to view for ease of visual inspection and maintenance.

Open Circuit
The state of a battery when not connected to either a charging source or a load circuit.

Open-Circuit Voltage
The difference in potential between the terminals of a cell when the circuit is open (no-load condition).

Opportunity Charging
Used with batteries in cycle service, it is the charging of the battery between partial discharges rather than waiting for the battery to be completely discharged.

Overcharge
The forcing of current through a cell after all the active material has been converted to the charged state, that is, continued charging after reaching 100 percent state-of-charge.

Overdischarge
The process of discharging a cell or battery beyond its cutoff voltage and possibly into voltage reversal.

Oxide (of lead)
A compound of lead and oxygen in one of several proportions used to prepare battery paste.

Oxygen Evolution
The production of oxygen gas at the positive plate as a result of the electrolysis of water in the electrolyte during overcharging.

Oxygen Recombination Cycle
In a VRLA battery, the process whereby the oxygen evolved at the positive plate diffuses through the separator to react with the negative plate and suppresses water loss. This is the characteristic that distinguishes the VRLA battery from vented lead acid batteries.

Panel
A casting consisting of two or more grids made simultaneously in a single mold.

Parallel
Term used to describe the interconnection of cells or batteries in which all the like terminals are connected together. Results in increased capacity.

Passivation
The phenomenon by which a metal, although in conditions of thermodynamic instability, remains indefinitely unattacked because of modified or altered surface conditions.

Pasting
The process of applying a paste consisting of lead oxide, water and sulfuric acid to the lead alloy grid of the plate.

Pasted Plate
A lead alloy grid to which the active materials, in a paste for, have been applied.

Pb
Chemical symbol for lead.

PbO
Chemical symbol for litharge.

PbO2
Chemical symbol for lead peroxide.

Pellet
The portion of pasted material contained in a grid section framed by adjacent horizontal and vertical members exclusive of forming bars.

Performance Capacity Test
A capacity test performed under the same conditions as the original acceptance capacity test to determine what, if any, degradation of capacity has occurred. Any capacity below 80% of rating is indicative of the need to replace the battery. See ACCEPTANCE CAPACITY TEST.

Peroxide
See Lead Peroxide.

Pig
A cast bar of lead or lead alloy.

Pig Lead
A grade of highly refined, unalloyed lead.

Pilot Cells
Cells within a battery selected to represent the state of the entire battery. See CELLS.

Plante' Plate
Named for its 1859 developer, Gaston Plante‘ this is one type of positive plate used in a lead acid battery. It is a solid lead plate on which the active materials are electrochemically formed rather than having been pasted onto the plate.

Plate
A pasted grid.

Plate Centers
Distance between center lines of adjoining plates of opposite polarity in a cell. One half the size of a strap center upon which the plates of like polarity are burned.

Polarity
In electricity, the condition of being positive or negative.

Polarization
The lowering of the potential of a cell or electrode from its equilibrium value caused by the passage of an electric current.

Porosity
The ratio of open spaces or voids in a material to the volume of its mass.

Positive
A terminal or electrode which has a shortage of electrons.

Positive Plates
The grid and active materials of a storage battery from which current flows to the external circuit when the battery is discharging.

Positive Temperature
A thermally reactive device which becomes highly resistive at a specific Coefficient (PTC) temperature or current.

Positive Terminal
The terminal that current flows toward in the external circuit from the negative terminal.

Post
Terminal or other conductor that connects the plate group strap to the outside of the cell.

Power
During discharge, the battery output power in watts is equal to the terminal voltage multiplied by the output current in amperes.

Power Factor
A term related to AC circuits. The ratio of real power to apparent power. Pf=watts/volts x amperes

Primary Battery
A battery which is not intended to be recharged and is discarded when the battery has delivered all of its electrical energy.

Prismatic Cell
The positive and negative plates are stacked rather than rolled as done in a cylindrical cell.

Pulse Current
A periodic current drain of higher than normal drain rates.

Pure Lead
Pig Lead.

Rapid Charge
A charge time that is between slow charge and fast charge (typically 3 to 6 hours for a NiCd).

Rate of Charge
See Starting Rate and Finishing Rate.

Rated Capacity
The number of ampere-hours a battery can deliver under specific conditions (e.g., rate of discharge, end voltage, temperature); usually specified by the battery manufacturer.

Raw Plate
An unformed plate.

Rechargeable Battery
A galvanic battery which, after discharge, may be restored to the fully charged state by the passage of an electrical current through the cell in the opposite direction to that of discharge.

Recombinant
The process whereby the oxygen formed at the positive plate diffuses to the negative plate, reacts with the lead and suppresses water loss.

Recondition
One or more deep discharge cycles below 1.0 volt/cell at a very low, controlled current. Recondition helps to revert large crystals to small desirable sized, often restoring the battery to it's full capacity.

Rectifier
A device that converts alternating (ac) current into unidirectional (dc) current because of a characteristic that permits appreciable flow of current in only one direction.

Recycling
The recovery of reusable lead, acid and plastic from spent lead acid batteries.

Red Lead
A red oxide of lead used in making active material.

Reference Electrode
Electrode used to measure acid concentration or plate state of charge.

Resistance
The degree to which the flow of electrons is opposed by the material the electrons must pass through. Resistance is expressed in OHMS.

Resistor
A device used to introduce resistance into an electrical circuit.

Reserve Capacity
A measurement of the minutes a battery can supply 25 amperes to an end point voltage of 1.75 volts per cell. This rating is used with automotive (SLI) and marine batteries.

Retainer
A sheet of glass mat, perforated or slotted rubber, plastic or some other material installed on each face of the positive plates in certain types of cells, to deter loss of active material.

Reversal
The changing of the normal polarity of a battery due to Overdischarge.

Rib
A vertical or nearly vertical ridge of a grooved separator or spacer.

Safety Vent
A venting mechanism designed into a cell which activates under specific conditions of abuse to relieve internal pressure.

Secondary Battery
A battery that can be recharged and reused many times.

Secondary Cell
A rechargeable cell.

Secondary Lead
Reclaimed as opposed to virgin lead.

Secure Waste Landfill
A landfill designed for disposal of normal household trash but which meets government standards designed to protect the environment.

Sediment
The sludge or active material shed from plates that drops to the bottom of cells.

Sediment Space
The portion of a container beneath the element; sediment from the wearing of the plates collects here without short-circuiting.

Seismic Rack
A reinforced battery stand with cell retaining rails designed to withstand the forces imposed during an earthquake.

Self-Discharge
The loss of useful capacity of a battery on storage due to internal chemical action (local action).

Separator
An ionic permeable electronically non-conductive spacer or material which prevents electronic contact between electrodes of opposite polarity in the same cell.

Series
The interconnection of cells in such a manner that the positive terminal of the first is connected to the negative terminal of the second, and so on, resulting in increased voltage.

Series Cells
All cells in a battery other than pilot cells. They are so called because the cells are usually connected in series

Series Connection
Individual cells or batteries of the same capacity interconnected with the Neg (-) terminal to the Pos (+) terminal of the next battery in the sequence. The voltages of cells or batteries will be cumulative.

Series Parallel Connection
Cells arranged in a battery so two or more strings of series connected cells, each containing the same number of cells, are connected in parallel; this increases battery capacity.

Service Life
The period of useful life of a battery before a predetermined end-point voltage is reached.

Shallow Cycle
Cycles where the battery consumes less than 5% of its capacity during the discharge. Automotive (SLI) batteries typically experience shallow cycles during engine starting.

Shelf Life
The duration of storage under specified conditions at the end of which the battery still retains the ability to give a specified performance.

Short Circuit
An unwanted electrical connection between a negative and positive source. Short circuits can damage the battery and equipment and can cause sparks or fire.

Short-Circuit Current
The initial value of the current obtained from a battery in a circuit of negligible resistance.

Side Terminal
SLI battery design with two through-the-container current connections on one side instead of two posts on top.

Silver/Oxide
A primary battery (non-rechargeable) it is a major contribution to miniature power sources, and is well suited for hearing aids, instruments, photoelectric exposure devices and electronic watches. These cells are primarily made in the smaller “button” sizes.

Sliver/Slyver
Extremely fine parallel glass fibers used in retainers next to positive plates to retard shedding.

SLI Battery
A battery for automotive use in starting, lighting and ignition.

Slow Charge
Typically an over-night charge lasting abut 14 hours at a charge current of 0.1C. Battery does not require instant removal when fully charged.

Smart Battery
Battery with internal circuit enabling some communication between the battery and the user. Some batteries feature a capacity indicator only, others offer an external bus to interface with the equipment the battery power and the intelligent charger.

Smelting
The primary process for recovering lead and antimony from scrapped batteries and scrap from battery manufacture.

Soaking
A manufacturing process following pasting that soaks certain types of lead plates in sulfuric acid. This provides a protective surface and also sulfate helpful in container and tank formation.

Soda Ash
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) used in neutralizing sulfuric acid in spills or effluents.

Soft Cell
A cell whose voltage rises above its defined boundaries during charging. This voltage rise may be caused by high cell impedance as a result of prolonged battery storage, very cold battery temperature or lack of electrolyte.

Spalling
Shedding of active material, usually from positives, during formation due to incomplete or improper plate curing.

Specific Energy
The ratio of the energy output of a cell or battery to its weight (Wh/kg). This term is used interchangeably with gravimetric energy density.

Specific Gravity
The weight of the sulfuric acid electrolyte compared to water.

Spiral Wound
An electrode structure of high surface area created by winding the electrodes and separator into a spiral-wound jelly-roll configuration.

Sponge Lead (Pb)
A porous mass of lead crystals and the chief material of a full-charged negative plate.

Stacking
A cell assembly operation, alternately piling plates and separators in a burning box prior to attachment of straps and posts.

Standard Battery
Any of Conventional, YuMicron or YuMicron CX batteries consisting of flooded electrolyte and cell accessible construction.

Standard Conditions
Varying between countries, a widely recognized and specific set of temperatures and end point voltages by which a battery’s output is measured. In North America, standard conditions are 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) to an end point voltage of 1.75 volts per cell. In some countries, the standard conditions are 68 degrees F (20 degrees C) to an end point voltage of 1.8 volts per cell. See STANDARD DISCHARGE RATE and RATED CAPACITY.

Standard Discharge Rate
A function of the intended application, the accepted rate at which the battery delivers current. For example, an 8 hour rate is normally used for telecommunications batteries, a 20 hour rate is used for general purpose batteries, and a 15 minute rate is used for UPS batteries.

Standby
The use of batteries in which they are charged by an application to be ready for use if the primary power to the application fails. Also called float or backup.

Standing Loss
Loss of charge by an idle cell or battery, resulting from local action.

Starting Rate
A beginning charging rate that does not produce gassing or temperatures in excess of 110°F.

State of Charge
The capacity remaining in a battery.

Stationary Battery
A battery used in a fixed position and usually mounted in a rack, cabinet or stand, as opposed to a battery used in a mobile application.

Strap
Precast or cast-on piece of lead or lead alloy used to connect plates into groups and to connect groups to the post.

Strap Center
Spacing between centers of adjacent plates in a group.

Stratification
Layering of high specific gravity electrolyte in lower portions of a cell, where it does not circulate normally and is of no use.

Sulfated
A plate or cell whose active materials contain an appreciable amount of lead sulfate.

Sulfation
Growth of lead sulfate crystals in Lead-Acid batteries which inhibits current flow. Sulfation is caused by storage at low state of charge.

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
The principal acid compound of sulfur, sulfuric acid in dilute and highly pure form is the electrolyte of lead acid storage cells.

Switch
A device placed in an electric circuit to open (disconnect) or close (connect) the conductive path.

Tack Burn
A shallow burn used to tack together two lead parts.

Tank Formation
Electrolytic processing of plates prior to assembly in large tanks of acid.

Taper Charge
A cycle service charging technique using an unregulated charger. As the current acceptance of the battery declines, the charger’s output voltage rises.

Temperature Correction
In storage cells, specific gravity and charging voltage vary inversely with temperature, while the open circuit voltage varies directly though slightly with temperature.

Temperature Cutoff
A protective or safety device (e.g., thermostat, PTC, etc.) which senses temperature in a battery and opens or cuts off the electrical circuit if the specified temperature is exceeded, thus preventing a further rise in temperature due to the charge or discharge of a battery.

Terminal
A device at the end of a cell or wire for making a connection to an adjoining cell or wire.

Terminal Cable
A length of insulated cable, one end connected to the battery terminal post, and the other fitted with a plug, receptacle, lug or other device for connection to an external circuit.

Thermal Runaway
A condition where a battery generates more heat than can be dissipated and eventually melts the plastic jar. This is often the result of float charging in a hot environment with either little ventilation or shorted cells. See FLOAT CHARGE.

Thermistor
A temperature sensitive resistor usually made from specially processed oxides that are used to sense end of charge temperature rises and terminates high rate charging.

Thermostat
A temperature sensitive switch.

Top Pour
A method of casting in which molten metal is poured, usually by hand, into a top gated mold.

Top-Up Charge
A low rate charge following the main charge, designed to ensure maximum capacity.

Transformer
Normally used to obtain a voltage higher or lower than the commercial line voltage and to provide circuit isolation from the source, it is composed of primary and secondary coils of wire wrapped around an iron core. The transformer provides an AC voltage on the secondary coil equal to the ratio of turns of wire on the primary to secondary windings.

Treeing
Growth of a lead dendrite or filament through a crack or hole of a separator, short-circuiting the cell.

Trickle Charge
A charge at a low rate, balancing losses through local action and/or periodic discharge, to maintain a cell or battery in a fully charged condition.

TVR
A temperature compensating voltage relay used in charging equipment.

Unformed
A plate that has not been electrolytically formed.

Useful Acid
The acid above the lower edges of the plates that takes part in the discharge reactions that occur within a cell.

UPS
The acronym for Uninterruptable AC Power Supply, a UPS battery has a component battery emergency power source to supply power during commercial AC power outages.

Valve
Provides for release of excessive pressure developed within the cell and prevents entry of the outside atmosphere into the cell.

Vent
An opening that permits the escape of gas from a cell or mold.

Vent Plug
The seal for the vent and filling well of a cell cover, containing a small hole for escape of gas.

Vent Well
The hole or holes in a cell cover that allow fluids to be checked, electrolyte to be added, and gas to escape. The vent plug fits into the vent well.

Verticals
The members in a plate grid.

Volt
The unit of measurement of electromotive force, being the force needed to send a current or one ampere through a conductor with a resistance of one ohm.

Volt-Ampere
The product of output AC voltage multiplied by AC current.

Volt Efficiency
The ratio of the average voltage of a cell or battery during discharge to the average voltage during subsequent recharge.

Voltage
A unit of measuring electrical pressure, all batteries are rated in volts DC (Direct Current).

Voltage Delay
Time delay for a battery to deliver the required operating voltage after it is placed under load.

Voltage Depression
An abnormal drop in voltage below expected values during the discharge of a battery.

Voltage-Keyed
A system that incorporates a mechanical identifier on batteries and devices to ensure only batteries of the correct voltage are connected to the device.

Voltage Range
The difference between maximum and minimum cell voltages within a battery or string of cells when all cells are charging and discharging.

Voltage Regulator
A device that regulates the output of a generator or alternator by controlling the current and voltage.

Voltage Reversal
The changing of the normal polarity of a battery due to overdischarge.

Voltmeter
An instrument for measuring voltage.

Volumetric Energy Density
The ratio of the energy output of a cell or battery to its volume (Wh/L).

VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead Acid)
Sealed batteries which feature a safety valve venting system designed to release excessive internal pressure, while maintaining sufficient pressure for recombination of oxygen and hydrogen into water.

Wall-less Design
A battery design where the structural support for the cells is formed by an open plastic framework.

Watering
Adding water to battery electrolyte to replace loss from electrolysis and evaporation.

Watts
A measurement of energy, arrived at by multiplying the voltage by the amperage.

Watthours
A common measurement of energy produced in a given amount of time, arrived at by multiplying the voltage by the amp hours.

Watthour Capacity
The number of watthours a storage battery can deliver under specific conditions of temperature, rate of discharge and final voltage.

Watthour Efficiency
A storage battery’s energy efficiency expressed as ratio of watthour output to the watthours of the recharge.

Watthour Meter
An electric motor that measures and registers electrical energy in watthours.

Wet Shelf Life
The time a wet secondary cell can be stored before its capacity falls to the point that the cell cannot be easily recharged.

Zinc/Air
A primary battery (non-rechargeable) that was commonly used for applications such as watches and hearing aids. In relation to their physical size, Zinc/Air batteries store more energy per unit of weight (in terms of 220 W h/kg) than any other primary type.

Remy Battery

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